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Repairing a Norlin Era FT guitar with broken neck


TommyK

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I strung it and tuned it up. She made a good bit of popping as I tuned her up, and some of the tuners are very hard to turn while others are easy. After she sat overnight I noticed the bridge lifting; if it wasn't for the screws in the bridge it would almost certainly have pulled loose already.

 

The neck repair is holding very well.

 

Now to decide whether to keep her or trade her off. I sure can't live with these tuners like this; I'll have to fix or replace them. I don't know why they are inconsistent, they all came apart and went together exactly the same and I made sure that every part went back in the same place from which it came.

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  • 2 weeks later...

 

I had contemplated a neck block to end pin block brace, just such as that, but opted for the corner braces. Seems like either one would work. BTW, I believe it was Fender had a similar problem which they correctd with a metal pipe like brace between endpin block and neck block. This was either the factory expedient or field repair. You can see the pipe through the sound hole of this Palomino: HesterClarkandPalomino.jpg

FWIW the owner of that Palomino is none other than Hester Clark, pappy of Roy Clark. It's from one of Clark's album covers.

 

 

 

... I went simpler than TommyK's blocks - I ripped the old weathered sides off an old rough-cut 2x2 piece of oak I had lying around, and then ripped it on a diagonal - so I was left with two pieces with a triangular cross-section. I used two pieces of that triangular wood for my braces, one on each side of the NB.

...

 

I also gave the tuners a complete going-through. They were pretty grody.

 

The glue appears to be holding well. I'll have to leave it alone until after Christmas and then I'll put it back together, see if the neck pocket needs that shim or not, and give it a try.

 

I really wanted to make those tri-angluar corner blocks, but lacked the table saw to cut a decent 45. The tuners weren't the best available. I have one or two that are somewhat stiff, but they hold good.

 

 

I strung it and tuned it up. She made a good bit of popping as I tuned her up, and some of the tuners are very hard to turn while others are easy. After she sat overnight I noticed the bridge lifting; if it wasn't for the screws in the bridge it would almost certainly have pulled loose already.

 

The neck repair is holding very well.

 

Now to decide whether to keep her or trade her off. I sure can't live with these tuners like this; I'll have to fix or replace them. I don't know why they are inconsistent, they all came apart and went together exactly the same and I made sure that every part went back in the same place from which it came.

 

 

Probably a combination of a cracked bridge plate (under the bridge on the inside) and / or cracked bracing.

 

A through-the-sound-hole repair is not for the short of temper, but it is possible. You'll need a deep throated "C" clamp, or two. One could try to remove the old plate, but applying a second, solid hardwood plate on top of the other is an option. Broken braces can be glued, then re-glued to the sound board where loose, if they are of the 'green stick' variety. Making splints from thin wood (tongue depressors or coffee stirrers come to mind) to reinforce the cracked area is probably a good idea. If they are snapped into heavier splints might be in order, or total replacement.

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  • 2 months later...

I've decided to sell this guitar (FT-160N TEXAN-12). I worked some hot hide glue under the bridge (couldn't find any internal problems with it) and when I tuned it up that was holding fine, but one of the new strings broke.

 

I've decided to sell it off, guess I'm just a six-string guy. It will come with the el cheapo hard case that I got with it and I'm willing to ship at the buyer's expense. Pics/details available via email. Neck block has been repaired very well. The adjustable bridge is all there.

 

Anyone interested, please make an offer. If it's improper for me to offer it for sale here, please let me know and I'll correct my error. I looked at the rules and didn't see anything about it.

 

Thanks!

 

Russ

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  • 2 weeks later...

I've salvaged this one from the old board. I just copied and pasted, for the most part, so if it appears anything is left out, let me know and I'll fill in the blanks.

 

This includes most FT-*** bolt-on neck flat top guitars. this DOES NOT INCLUDE FT-79 'Texan' aka John Lennon model. Generally speaking anything with a number greater than FT-100. Except an early FT100 or maybe it was a 110. IF your FT has a heel, then this fix doesn't apply. If your FT has a blue label or you are looking to purchase an FT with a blue label, check for this type of failure. Brown label Norlins were built better.. I think.

 

Mine doesnt' look this bad but some do. It well illustrates the mode of failure. Some have fared better than this old FT140.. some worse where the wood under the fretboard extension is totally gone.

MashedRosetteonFT140.jpg

 

Here is a look at evidence of a failed neck. Note that the fretboard is not parallel to the sound board:

LooseNeckFT145Lincolnwood.jpg

 

 

 

This was originally posted in response to fixing an FT160, 12 string

I made this latest repair in January, 2006 and have since had her strung up with nylon, then lights, now mediums with no evidence of movement.... knock of sound board

 

I have repaired my FT145SB with the same (I think) problem. Mine's a 6 wire so I'm not 100% sure yours is built similarly. The end of your fret board, just above the sound hole, is it pressing on the sound board? Is the sound board distorted in this area? Yes? Mine too

Here's how I re-set it

 

Remove neck serial number plate on back of guitar (4, #4 wood screws). You have now revealed how this neck is held on. Down in the bottom of those four holes you should see the heads of the four screws that hold the neck on. Get a BIG screw driver that FITS these screw heads. Mine are 3/8" flat slotted head screws. Usually the largest Flat driver in a set of 4 screw drivers. Remove these four screws. As you lift the neck off, check for shims... Don't lose these. Make note or sketch their location. Set a side for re-assembly.

 

The neck block is what is loose. That is the part where the 4 big screws screwed into and that which has the large routed out pocket for the neck. This is the design deficiency. By routing out the pocket, they took the meat out of the joint. The joint between the block and soundboard is probably completely free. Carefully pry up with a pen knife to see it. Between the neck block and the guitar side (it has the top button screwed into it. There is probably also a gap part way down the block. Check the binding, if yours is bound, to see if it has seperated too in that area. Finally, there is a ladder brace between the sound hole and the neck block. If it isn't partially loose, I'd be surprised. The tilting forward neckblock needs only move a quarter inch before it starts to shear this brace off. If it's mostly loose, carefully remove it for later re-installation.

 

Here's what I did. Use a 6 - 8 " length of 2x4 placed flat on the outside of the guitar, just above the top strap button. It should be perpendicular to the now missing neck Sandwich wax paper between the 2x4 and the guitar. This will keep you from gluing the 2x4 to the guitar when the glue squeezes out. Then, a 3/4" thick piece of short scrap wood opposite it on the inside of the guitar, against the neck block, accessed through the sound hole. To hold these in place use a sufficiently long bar clamp. As you tighten the clamp you will see the block move back into position.

 

You will also need to clamp from the top down. You'll need another 2x4 and a 1x6 each about a foot long. Place the 2x4 under the guitar, covering the neck screw holes and the 1x6 over the top of the neck pocket. Both, perpendicular to the now missing neck. Clamp it down. You could use your bench top inplace of the bottom 2x4. YOU MUST CLAMP IN THAT ORDER, otherwise you might not be able to pull the block back into positon.

 

Now that you know how it all comes together. Remove the clamps and clamping blocks. The neck block should spring back to it's improper positon. Now mix up some two part epoxy glue and with a spatula or wooden stick. I used a wide tongue depresser like thing I obtained from a hobby shop. I squared off and sharpened the end to make it flat. Force the epoxy into all the joints between the Neck block (NB) and the side. The technique is to scoop up some epoxy on the end of the spatula and drag thespatual across the joint and the glue will be forced in. Do this several times and the glue will seem to disappear. Do this again for the NB to Sound Board (SB) joint. Also, be sure to get glue between loose binding and SB.

 

Put your first clamp and blocks in place to pull the NB back into position. Install your second clamp blocks to force the SB and NB together. Glue should squeeze out of the joints. This is good, don't worry about it for now.

 

24 hours later remove the clamps and cut off the squeezed out glue, inside and out. Clean any squeeze out that came in contact with the finish with alcohol or mineral spirits. I scraped mine off, what little there was, with my fingernail. I wouldn't hurt to wax the finished top and side in this area BEFORE gluing to help keep escaped glue from sticking to parts you don't want it stuck to.

 

I find it easier to use a knife to cut the dried excess off 24 hours later as opposed to wiping the wet stuff off. That usually just spreads it around. You have now glued it as much as the factory did. It will probably hold just as well... not well enough.

 

That's Step ONE. This will only hold the neck block in place until it can be braced. More on that later...

 

Step 2a.

 

UPDATE: Refer drawings and photos a couple posts down I added theses later, they may clarify the text.

 

Now that you've got the body back in it's factory configuration, albeit structurally defficient. We need to brace it.

 

To brace it we need what cabinet makers call glue blocks. It's appropriate that we discuss cabinet makers as they are the ones responsible for the current guitar basic design. Ya see, back in the olden days cabinet makers couldn't make violins because they didn't belong to the right union. Sooo when cabinet making was slow, they made an instrument with square joints, like cabinets.. but I digress.

 

Cabinet glue blocks are triangular shaped blocks with one corner at 90°. The sides radiating from this 90° corner are slathered in glue and placed in the corner where two parts of a cabinet meet at 90° angles. Take a look at your kitchen cabinet. Go on, look now. Open the door under the sink and look around the corner from the hinges... See 'em? I told you they were there! Glue blocks add stiffness and strength to these joints. We need to add a couple BIG glue blocks to the 90° joints between the Sound Board (SB) and the Neck Block (NB), one on the treble side and one on the bass side. But, instead of being triangular in shape, they will be 'L' shaped.

 

To make my glue blocks I chose Poplar 1x2 stock. I chose poplar because it is a tough wood, unlike spruce, pine or fir. Also because I had it on hand. Any hard wood like poplar or maple will do. Just don't use 1x2 'furring strips' available at the lumber yard. These are junk lumber suitable for furring and nothing else... well okay they work for holding up a garage sale signs too. Go to the Hardwoods aisle at Lowes or Menards or other 'big box' home center or your local lumber yard. The other reason you want hardwood is that it is usually used in visible trim around the house and has not knots and all four sides are trim and SQUARE (90°). This is critical for our purpose. Also, 1x2 means 1 inch by 2 inch. This means.... it is 3/4" x 1 and 1/2" in actual dimension. 1x2 is the 'nominal' size. If you are not familiar with building materials, this is an industry standard. I think the sizes are supposed to be the size before they start sanding the sides smooth. Don't ask for a stick exactly 1 inch by 2 inches. They lumber yard guys will look at you funny and think, "idiot." You will also need a small disposable brush. Not the sponge type. Find the soldering supplies. They sell a bush with an aluminum tube handle with bristles. It is about 1/4" wide. They are intended for brushing on soldering flux paste. These are perfect for our use and cheap.

 

Measure the distance from front of NB to back of NB. The front corners of the NB on my 145 are eased.. or rounded. Also note that between the SB and the guitar side are a bunch of little glue blocks that hold the SB to the sides... cabinet makers!. Anyway.. Your glue block for today's project needs to be as long as practical, but not protruding beyond the eased edges. As our big glue block will be in the corners between the SB and NB, we want to be sure to account for the little glueblocks the factory put in to hold the SB to the sides. Mine are 2" long.

 

Cut 3 pieces of 1x2 to your length. Cut one of these pieces length wise so that you have two pieces 3/4" square and your length long. If it isn't clearly obvioius, make an 'X' on the two small pieces where the saw cut them in two You now have four pieces. You will also need a two thin pieces like the tongue depresser in part one. They need to have square ends and be slightly longer than the distance between the SB and back of the guitar minus 3/4".

 

Now it is time to glue the small pieces and large pieces together into two identical glue blocks. I used hide glue. You could use epoxy if you wish. Frets.com has a couple treatises on the use of hide glue. Go to this site and click on the 'big page' for the index to all his pages. Read everything on the use of hide glue he has, about 3 articles. One has an article about using hide glue found in the grocery store labeled, 'Knox' gelatin. I chose this route as I had a hard time finding dry hide glue in small quantities. DON"T USE THE LIQUID STUFF IN A SQUEEZE BOTTLE LABELED HIDE GLUE! While it is hide glue, it isnt' strong enough for this purpose. I should know, I did and it wasn't.

 

A .25 oz packet of Knox gelatin needs to be mixed with 22 ml of distilled water. Prepare per Frets.com's instructions. Any clean, disposable, small container will work. I happened to have an empty 1/4 pint paint jar for the glue mix and placed it in a 1 pint jar of hot water. I had to wrap the outer jar in towels to keep the hot water from cooling off too fast. I boiled the water in the large jar and by the time the glue was melted, the temp was about right. I took Frank's advice and let the now liquified glue cool off and sit for a couple days. I then re-heated it for use. Be patient. You will begin to see the glue granules liquify around the edges. Start to move the granules around with your disposable brush. Eventually it will all be liquified.

 

continued on 2b.

 

2b. I had to split up because of its size.

 

Take one small piece and one large piece of glue block. Stand the one large one on the bench on it's shortest side. Take one small piece and lay it along side of it so that you can see the 'X'. The 'X' will either be up or out, but not against the large piece or the bench. You will want to glue these two together just like that. It's important that the 'X' be out as this was the cut edge. These edges may not be square and we don't want the end product to be glued in place using these non-square edges. Use your little brush to apply glue to the mating surfaces, then clamp them together. They will form an 'L' shape. Make sure the joint on the outside of the L shape remains flush. Do the same with the other two pieces.

 

After the glue sets, clean up any squeeze out with a cloth dampened with warm water. While not absolutely necessary, I eased the two long edges on the inside of the 'L' shape (not the edges which will be against the SB and NB. I then used the side of a bench grinder wheel to smooth the ends of the blocks. It looks nicer when done. And almost looks like a factory installation.

 

Frank also recommeds sanding the area where the glue blocks or brackets will be glued. This is a bit of a juggling act, but can be done. It helps to have small hands to get inside the hole.

 

Before you glue them up, test fit the glue blocks into position. You want the 90° corner of the brackets in the 90° corner between the SB and NB. Use your pieces of tongue depresser, cut as above to prop and clamp the blocks in place. Make sure the tongue depresser clamp is positioned in the outside 90° corner of the brackets and the other against the guitar back. Now force it tighter. The tongue depresser clamp should be bowed now and at approximately 45° angle. If not, trim it shorter and retry. If they are short, make longer ones. I've tried a lot of ways and this seems to be the simplest, and maybe the only, way of getting clamping pressure in this area. It's just too hard to get at with a bar or C clamp.

 

After clamping my two brackets in place, I Put a clamp from the SB to the back of the guitar using a 2x4 and the bench to squeeze the SB and back together. It was the second clamping set-up used in Part I. I wanted to make sure there was something pushing from the outside as well as the inside. It may not have been necessary, but It didn't hurt either. You will want to dry assemble first so you know how it all goes together as you need to work quickly after applying the hide glue.

 

After dry assembly, dis-assemble, brush sufficiently warmed glue on the brackets, install and clamp with your tongue depressers. Do these one at a time so the glue doesn't cool off too much by the time you get to the second one. When both brackets are installed Clamp top to bottom. Let set over night and remove all clamps and clean up any squeeze out. Remove the clamps. Don't forget to remove the two tongue depressers on inside.

 

Reassemble the neck to the body placing the shims (remember those?) in their original position, re-string and you're back in business! If the neck screws won't 'bite' into their original holes, gob some white or carpenter's glue on 4 round toothpicks and jamb the glued ends into the holes in the neck. Cut the picks flush and install the neck. These holes are large enough that 2 toothpicks may be needed. My screws were a bit rusty, and the threads mostly gone, so I took them to the hardware store and replaced with identical new ones.

 

Here's the beauty of this design. If you need to adjust the action, you can by shimming either the leading or trailing edge of the neck to neck block joint. Others styles need to be wrestled apart with steam and brute force... IF they can be disassembled. We only need a screwdriver.

 

Can I guarantee that this will work forever? .... Well,... no. But, it is working for me. It's the only way I know to get a venerable, much loved Japanese made Epiphone FT guitar of this vintage back in playable condition. Currently my FT145 is nylon strug as I needed it for a Flamenco class I'm taking. I also re-fretted, and treated Epi to a new saddle. The original saddle was getting a bit tattered. I polished her up and installed some Augustine nylons. GOD does she sing pretty now! As I have another steel strung guitar, I may never re-string her with steel, but if I do I believe the joint will hold.

 

I chose this BIG glue block as the dimensions appoximate the square inches of glue joint removed when they routed out the neck pocket. If, in the future, if the joint doesn't hold I will use Epoxy glue where I used hide glue here. You can try this yourself or pay someone to do it. Given the market value of these guitars, it probably is not worth the money spent to have someone else do it unless the guitar is an heirloom, which yours is.

 

A professional luthier may not want to guarantee this fix. As, technically, this is an experimental fix they may be within their rights to deny warranty. I see no other alternative. If it were me, I'd get Dad's old Epi up and singing again. It would be worth a hundred or so to do this. Whether it is worth it to you, is up to you.

 

In your case you may want to start out with only installing 6 strings until your fingers strengthen and toughen up. Start with 6 lights, then after a month or so, mediums, then heaveies. Then use only light strings when stringing all 12. While I've never heard of a nylon strung 12 string... It is not beyond the realm of possibiliy. This will reduce the stress on this joint by HUNDREDS of pounds. You may be like me and like the nylon voice.

 

Something else I did. Epi was really, really dry from neglect on my part. I clearned out all the dust bunnies and vacuumed and wiped down the inside with a damp cloth. Also, while the neck was off I placed an open container of hot water into the sound hole, resting it on the guitar back. I then layed piece of plastic over the sound hole to seal it up. I did this three days in a row. I think this allowed moisture to migrate into the wood. The wood looks better now and Epi smells good too. Be sure to cover up the label with waterproof plastic so dribbled water doesn't get on the label. The ink is water soluble. Probably wouldn't hurt to protect the label this way while doing all the above inside work to protect it from being torn. I will keep her humidified properly from now on.

 

P.S.

 

Woops!!!. For those you following these instructions you should now have one more piece left on your work bench. The ladder brace you removed in step 1. This is the one that, most likely, was sheared off, or almost sheared off by the creeping Neck Block. The factory used hide glue for mine so cleaning up the old glue was as simple as using a damp, warm wash cloth. Do the same with the mating surface of the brace. Be sure to cover your blue label with plastic to prevent the inevitable contact with the damp cloth or drips. And, while you've got the glue hot and your hand already inside, it won't hurt to feel around and see if you have any other loose braces. Mine had one loose back brace which needed re-glued.

 

For this brace, there should be a noticable 'scar' where the brace once was. One end of my brace fit into a small socket in the little glue blocks around the edge. Use a caul, 1x4 or better across the top of the guitar Sound Board above the location of the subject brace to protect it. and a 1x2 on each side of the NB. These 1x2s should span the brace you are replacing and at least one leg of the 'X' brace next to or below the sound hole. Place your bar clamps on the 1x2s, not directly over the replaced brace, but about 1/4" below, closer to the 'X' braces. This will give your clamps stability. Test fit dry as before, then glue and re-clamp. There... All done.

 

When working inside, a hand mirror and flash light can be helpful to make sure you get pieces where you want them. For lighting I used a standard trouble light with the metal guard removed. I then installed one of those curly fluorescent screw-in bulbs. It is plenty bright and won't over-heat and scorch guitar wood.

 

If you are not at all familiar with the term 'X' brace. Spend some time on Frets.com site. There are photos of the underside of a guitar's soundboard that many guitar players never knew was there. It's a real eye opener and helps you get the lay of the land, so to speak, of what's under there.

 

Even if you never intend to do luthiery work, it makes you a smarter consumer to understand what 'scalloped' braces, X-braces, ladder braces, etc. are.

 

Here's a drawing to go with the above instructions:

 

FT145repair.jpgFT145repairSideview.jpg

 

Here are a couple pics of the repair

LBracket.jpg

Inside looking at bass side brace. Note eased (rounded) edges and the chamfer in the corner to avoid any possible glue squeeze-out interferrence.

LBracketoutside.jpg

Outside looking in from bridge. Braces on both sides. Above-the-sound-hole ladder brace is not installed yet. It would be in front of neck block and braces in this picture.

 

The deformation of the sound board under the cantilevered fretboard can be seen. I have elected to leave this alone for now for fear of making matters worse.

 

 

Not sure if this applies....but on my ft-130, the neck ended up crooked. I took it to the fret shop here in huntsville. They took the neck off, shimmed it and put it back on. Now the fretboard is about 1/8in. above the soundboard. had lots of tension on it before. now it sounds better, plays better.......but yeah. Ive seen lots like that. seems to be a rather common problem.

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  • 1 year later...
  • 1 year later...
  • 1 year later...

Reviving an old thread. I just got an FT-135 in ex+ shape, except for high-ish action. Everything is solid and I want to keep it that way. Here's the plan.

1. Reinforce the neck block with the extra glue blocks.

2. Install threaded inserts in the neck; make a new, metal neck plate, install long ss machine screws through the neck plate/top/block/neck (Strat style), in effect making a solid sandwich so the string tension won't be trying to pull the block away from the back.

3. Use a 1 degree StewMac shim to change the angle of the neck to correct the high action.

4. Replace the entire adjustable saddle system with a Tusq saddle and rosewood spacers in the saddle slot. Not glued, just a friction fit.

I'm half-way though and should be done soon. I'll try and post pics.

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Reviving an old thread. I just got an FT-135 in ex+ shape, except for high-ish action. Everything is solid and I want to keep it that way. Here's the plan.

1. Reinforce the neck block with the extra glue blocks.

2. Install threaded inserts in the neck; make a new, metal neck plate, install long ss machine screws through the neck plate/top/block/neck (Strat style), in effect making a solid sandwich so the string tension won't be trying to pull the block away from the back.

3. Use a 1 degree StewMac shim to change the angle of the neck to correct the high action.

4. Replace the entire adjustable saddle system with a Tusq saddle and rosewood spacers in the saddle slot. Not glued, just a friction fit.

I'm half-way though and should be done soon. I'll try and post pics.

An honorable endeavor! I dislike Tusq saddles, but at least you're allowing for easy replacement later if you choose to do so👍

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The mods are coming along.The reinforcing glue blocks are in.

I'm not a pro at this, so the work is a bit sloppy.

 

The neck with the inserts and the StewMac shim. I ended up using a .50 + .25 for .75 degrees.

 

neck_zpsc6adobvn.jpg

 

The saddle and spacer. It's a perfect friction fit, no glue needed. The saddle isn't completed, still needs final shaping. Removing that hunk of metal and fitting a saddle that contacts the bottom of the saddle slot should transform the sound. It better, after all those hours of hand sanding.

 

saddle_zpsa7segx99.jpg

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If anyone is interested, here's the finished project.

The action is much better. To get it lower would require

fret leveling and polish, since a couple frets are popping up.

The neck block is reinforced at the top and back.

The sound is much better. Replacing the saddle was well worth it. It even looks, smells and tastes better.

epi%20bridge_zpsuv5y4pu6.jpg

epi%20top_zpsjxukqo7i.jpgepi%20back_zpsgmdkctbb.jpg

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  • 1 year later...
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It's crazy that a thread from 2008 is still active.  Just want to show off my Dad's Epi acoustic.  It was made in Japan and is having the exact same issue.  It's identifier was rubbed off.  Is there any way to narrow down the model?  I'm not looking to sell it or even obtain a value.  Just want to find more info.  All of the serial number decoders say it was manufactured in the '60's but they also reference electric guitars.  Any indication as to the date of manufacture?  We changed out the tuners around 2004 and the separation of the rosette started around 2010.  At that time we loosened all the strings.  The headstock crack probably started around 2006 but it appeared to be in the finish so we didn't stop playing it immediately.  This guitar isn't an expensive one, but the tone is/was awesome.  I'm currently looking for a luthier to restore it to playable condition.

 

IMG_6183.jpeg.7be5c9eedc9cb1738b770d219c9443c3.jpegIMG_6184.JPEG.9f6621d73f166bd329ac3da02e8b1443.JPEGIMG_6185.JPEG.2cd4ebdd8f71e7d9594cf4bf637b05ba.JPEGIMG_6186.JPEG.87d837d5d700304808b258d0d52ebef5.JPEGIMG_6187.JPEG.2aee52bafa47907da5cb7224cc90ff3d.JPEG

 

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The only thing I can suggest to narrow the model down is to try and locate a used copy of Walter Carter’s book The Complete History of Epiphone.    There was an initial edition and then I recall there being an updated edition about ten years later.   It shows some of the catalogs or their listings from the initial import era from Japan in the 1970s when Epiphone shifted production to being outsourced to a manufacturer in Japan.  But, if I recall, most of the initial Japan model names had no bearing to historical Epiphone names, and were just numbers.   Your model seems to be from the 70s when the initial Epiphone imports came from Japan.  Prior to 1970, I am under the impression that all Epiphones were made in the US, either at the Kalamazoo, Michigan factory after Gibson bought the Epiphone Company (circa 1957-8) or at the original Epiphone company’s factories in New York or Pennsylvania.
 

Hope this helps.

QM aka “ Jazzman” Jeff

Edited by QuestionMark
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